Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №45 "Writing"

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Конспект 45. Writing

Задание не требует написания адреса и имени.

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №44 "Foreign languages in human life"

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Конспект 44. Foreign languages in human life

  Some of us wonder very often what our lives would be like if there was only one language on Earth. Perhaps life would seem easier and more convenient.However, such uniformity would affect our lives only negatively. Being universal in terms of its use, only one existing language would undermine the joyous diversity which our modern world has in a great amount. Cultures would lack their main distinguishing features – languages.Thus, their uniqueness would disappear. Because languages represent different ways of expressing our thoughts and feelings, each language is rich with its own hues and tones in the whole spectrum of all possible approaches to verbally deliver information.
  Only bilingual people are able to understand fully how foreign languages can differ between each other because they are capable of noticing common distinction in the ways they express the same things in different languages.It is noteworthy that the most treasured thing to be shared – the feeling of love – bilingual people tend to express only in the language that, in their opinion, is more advanced in being sensitive and emotional.
  Apart from everything that was said above, foreign languages make our life diverse in the way of introducing us to several peculiarities of average characters of foreign people who speak the languages that we learn. Through this, we become familiar with foreign cultures.This makes us able to get to know the spirit of persons who are part of societies that are distant from us. In short, foreign languages make our life interesting and diverse so much that life without them is hardly imagined.
  Knowledge of foreign languages helps to promote cultural, educational and technical cooperation among nations. That’s why one of the characteristic features of life in our country today is a great interest in the study of foreign languages — chiefly English.At present English is the most important of the world’s languages. In number of speakers it ranks second. The use of English in diplomacy, commerce and science is evidence of its importance.That’s why many millions of people learn it as a second language.The growth in political, scientific, economic; cultural and educational contacts with different countries has set the scene for a renewed interest in foreign languages studies.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №49 "Иностранные языки в жизни человека"

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №43 "Educational system"

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Конспект 43. Educational system

Education in Great Britain
  Children in Britain must attend school from the age of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) until they are 16. Before the start of formal schooling, many children attend nursery schools attached to primary schools. In addition some parents elect to send their children to private (fee-paying) nursery schools or kindergartens. In England and Wales, many primary schools also operate an early admission policy where they admit children under 5 into what are called reception classes.Children first attend infants’ school or departments. At 7 they move to the junior school and the usual age for transfer from junior to secondary school is 11 (12 in Scotland).
  Secondary education can be obtained in different ways. Comprehensive schools are intended for all pupils, whatever their abilities. They are state schools which is the general term for any school which is run by the government and where the parents do not have to pay. Grammar schools in Britain are popular too because they offer a good academic education. Children enter grammar schools on the basis of their abilities taking the 11+ or entrance exam. A small minority of children attend secondary modern schools (around 4%). These schools provide more general and technical education for children aged 11-16. City Technology Colleges aim to give boys and girls a broad secondary education with a strong technological and business slant. There are also independent (fee-paying) schools in Great Britain. They usually have good academic standards and are attended by pupils from an upper class or wealthy background.

Education in the USA
  Today, 88% of American children attend public schools (financed by the government) and 12% go to private schools. Every year about 12 million Americans become students in over 3,000 colleges and universities of every type: private, public, church-related, small and large.
The United States does not have a national system of education. It means that most educational matters are left to the separate states or the local community. Because of the great variety of schools and colleges, and the many differences between them, we cannot speak about a typical American school or college. Yet, there are enough basic similarities in structure among the various schools and systems to give some general comments.
  Most schools start at the kindergarten level at the age of 5. The elementary school (or grade school) goes from age 6 to 11 or 12 (grades 1to 5 or 6). This is usually followed by a middle school (grades 6-8) or Junior High School (grades 7-9). High schools include 3 or 4 years, usually until the age of 18. There are almost always required subjects and sometimes students at more advanced levels can choose some subjects.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №48 "Система образования в Украине, Британии и США" 

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №42 "School life. Favourite school subjects"

Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.

Конспект 42. School life. Favourite school subjects

  I go to school five days a week except Saturday and Sunday when I have my deserved rest. Classes in our school start at 8 o'clock in the morning and last till 14.30. Usually we have 6 or 7 lessons a day. We study a lot of different subjects: English, History, Geography, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Math, etc. I like History and English most of all. I usually receive good marks in these subjects. I think that the subject of history is very interesting because we need to learn about how our country came to be, and we need to know about the famous people that ruled the countries because you never know what job you might have or what you might become when you grow older.
  A school year is divided into two terms. It begins on the 1st of September known as the Day of knowledge and finishes in May. Each term is followed by holidays. Our school was built about ten years ago. Our classroom is on the third floor. Its windows face the school-yard. There are two large windows in our classroom; a great amount of flowers grow in pots that stand on the window-sills. It is pupils of our class who are responsible to water the flowers several times a week. And we all do it with great care and pleasure. On the walls of our classroom there are different colour maps and portraits, tables and wall newspapers.
  Every pupil has a record book where our teachers write down our marks and we write down home tasks. Lessons usually take place in such a way that a teacher asks a question and the pupils who can give an answer raise their hands and the teacher calls out one of them to answer the question. Teachers often call pupils to the blackboard to do different exercises or to write some sentences from dictation. When they make a mistake, other pupil can be called out to correct a mistake or sometimes the teacher corrects it himself. After every lesson teachers give us home tasks both written and oral forms.
  I like going to school because here I have many friends and wise teachers who can always give a piece of advice. And I like studying as well, it brings me a lot of pleasure and I like to learn new facts about the world.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №46 "Школьная жизнь"

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №47 "Школьные предметы"

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №41 "Upbringing. Generation gap"

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Конспект 41. Upbringing. Generation gap

  Raising a child is the hardest, most responsible and satisfying task a human being can face. It's also the job for which people receive the least formal training.Each person's knowledge of how to bring up a child usually comes from their surroundings and their own upbringing. This may result in patterns from the parent's own social experiences being repeated and passed on to their children.
  Offering explanations helps children work matters out for themselves. Take time to point out how things are connected, for example, in terms of cause and effect.Parents, who think out loud with their children, will see them develop a similar train of thought. They will learn to talk and think in a more sophisticated way. If parents express emotions and feelings, their children will learn it's okay to do the same. When your children want to talk or ask questions, encourage them. If you're dismissive, or always say you're too busy, they may express frustration and stop wanting to share their thoughts and feelings.
 If the family has a problem that concerns your child, involve them in the discussion. Try to find possible solutions together with him or her.When discussing options, also talk about consequences. The possible outcome will influence your final decision. Be open to the child's suggestions. Let them take part in the negotiations and the decision.A child who experiences this kind of communication will become confident and learn the rules of good communication.
  Though sometimes the situation is a bit more difficult than it looks.From cell phones and texting to religion and manners, younger and older Americans see the world differently, creating a large generation gap. Nowadays Americans of different ages are at odds over a range of social and technological issues. Almost 8 in 10 people believe there is a major difference in the point of view of younger people and older people today.
  Asked to identify where older and younger people differ most, 47 percent said social values and morality. People age 18 to 29 were more likely to report disagreements over lifestyle, views on family, relationships and dating, while older people cited differences in a sense of entitlement. Those in the middle-age groups also often pointed to a difference in manners.Religion is a far bigger part of the lives of older adults. About two-thirds of people 65 and older said religion is very important to them. Younger people are more likely to embrace technology. The age gap widened even more over cell phones and text messaging.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №45 "Образование, учеба, воспитание"

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №40 "International organizations"

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Конспект 40. International organizations

  International organization is an institution drawing membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement.
 The Union of International Associations, a coordinating body, differentiates between the more than 250 international governmental organizations (IGOs), which have been established by intergovernmental agreements and whose members are states, and the approximately 6,000 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), whose members are associations or individuals.
  IGOs range in size from three members to more than 185 (e.g., the United Nations [UN]), and their geographic representation varies from one world region (e.g., the Organization of American States) to all regions (e.g., the International Monetary Fund). Whereas some IGOs are designed to achieve a single purpose (e.g., the World Intellectual Property Organization), others have been developed for multiple tasks (e.g., the North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Their organizational structures can be simple or highly complex depending on their size and tasks.
 In 1899 and 1907 European and non-European states met to develop rules to regulate armaments and the conduct of war. These conferences produced the Hague Conventions, which included agreements on the peaceful settlement of war, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the rights of neutral states. These various meetings and agreements served as precursors to the international organizations of the 20th century, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations (UN). Spurred by the political and economic interdependencies and advances in communication and transportation that developed after World War II, the UN became the centrepiece of a network of international organizations.
  By providing political institutions through which states can work together to achieve common objectives, international organizations can help to foster cooperative behaviour. IGOs also serve useful purposes for individual states, which often use them as instruments of foreign policy to legitimate their actions and to constrain the behaviour of other states.
  Although the daily operations of most international organizations are managed by specialized international bureaucracies, ultimate authority rests with state members. IGOs often work closely with other organizations, including NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace and Amnesty International), which serve many of the same functions as their IGO counterparts and are particularly useful for mobilizing public support, monitoring the effectiveness of international aid, and providing information and expertise. Although many of the thousands of NGOs direct their activities toward less developed countries in Africa and Asia, most of these groups are based in developed states. Only a small fraction of NGOs are international in scope, though they have played an important role in international relations.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №40 "Международные организации, международные движения" 

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №39 "Human rights and obligations"

Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 39. Human rights and obligations

  Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
  Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
  The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principlehas been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, for example, noted that it is the duty of States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems.
  All States have ratified at least one, and 80% of States have ratified four or more, of the core human rights treaties, reflecting consent of States which creates legal obligations for them and giving concrete expression to universality. Some fundamental human rights norms enjoy universal protection by customary international law across all boundaries and civilizations.
  Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. The principle is present in all the major human rights treaties and provides the central theme of some of international human rights conventions such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
Human rights entail both rights and obligations. States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfil human rights. The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfil means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights. At the individual level, while we are entitled our human rights, we should also respect the human rights of others.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №39 "Права и обязанности" 

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №38 "Cinema and television"

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Конспект 38. Cinema and television

  The history of film began in the 1890s, with the invention of the first motion-picture cameras and the establishment of the first film production companies and cinemas. The films of the 1890s were under a minute long and until 1927 motion pictures were produced without sound. The first eleven years of motion pictures show the cinema moving from a novelty to an established large-scale entertainment industry. The films became several minutes long consisting of several shots. The first film studios were built in 1897. Overall, from about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in all European countries except France.
  As films grew longer, specialist writers were employed to simplify more complex stories derived from novels or plays into a form that could be contained on one reel. Genres began to be used as categories; the main division was into comedy and drama, but these categories were further subdivided. The years of the First World War were a complex transitional period for the film industry. The exhibition of films changed from short one-reel programmes to feature films. Exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices. By 1914, continuity cinema was the established mode of commercial cinema. One of the advanced continuity techniques involved an accurate and smooth transition from one shot to another.
  The American industry, or "Hollywood", as it was becoming known after its new geographical center in California, gained the position it has held ever since; film factory for the world and exporting its product to most countries on earth. During late 1927, Warners released The Jazz Singer, the first synchronized dialogue (and singing) in a feature film. By the end of 1929, Hollywood was almost all-talkie, with several competing sound systems.
  Thus began what is now often called "The Golden Age of Hollywood", which refers roughly to the period beginning with the introduction of sound until the late 1940s. The American cinema reached its peak and global appeal during this period. During the immediate post-war years the cinematic industry was also threatened by television, and the increasing popularity of the medium meant that some film theatres would bankrupt and close.
  During the 1980s, audiences began increasingly watching films on their home VCRs. Eventually, the sale and rental of films on home video became a significant "second venue" for exhibition of films, and an additional source of revenue for the film industries. The Lucas–Spielberg combine used to dominate "Hollywood" cinema for much of the 1980s, and lead to much imitation. The early 1990s saw the development of a commercially successful independent cinema in the United States. As of 2010, the largest film industries by number of feature films produced are those of India, the United States and China.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №38 "Кино, телевидение" 

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №37 "Museums and exhibitions"

Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 37. Museums and exhibitions

  A museum is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public. The city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries.
Early museums began as the private collections of wealthy individuals, families or institutions of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts. These were often displayed in so-called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities. Public access to these museums was often possible for the "respectable", especially to private art collections. The oldest such museum in evidence was Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum, dating from 530 BC and devoted to Mesopotamian antiquities.
  The first "public" museums were often accessible only by the middle and upper classes. When the British Museum opened to the public in 1759, it was a concern that large crowds could damage the artifacts. Prospective visitors to the British Museum had to apply in writing for admission, and small groups were allowed into the galleries each day.The British Museum became increasingly popular during the 19th century, amongst all age groups and social classes who visited the British Museum, especially on public holidays.
  American museums eventually joined European museums as the world's leading centers for the production of new knowledge in their fields of interest. A period of intense museum building, in both an intellectual and physical sense was realized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While many American museums, both Natural History museums and Art museums alike, were founded with the intention of focusing on the scientific discoveries and artistic developments in North America, many moved to emulate their European counterparts in certain ways (including the development of Classical collections from ancient Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia and Rome).
  Museums to this day contribute new knowledge to their fields and continue to build collections that are useful for both research and display.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №37 "Музеи, выставки"

Краткий конспект подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №36 "Objects of cultural and historical heritage"

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Конспект 36. Objects of cultural and historical heritage

Ukraine
  Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, also known as the Kiev Monastery of the Caves, is a historic Orthodox Christian monastery which gave its name to one of the city districts where it is located in Kiev.Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1051 the Lavra has been a preeminent center of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe. Together with the Saint Sophia Cathedral, it is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was granted the national status on 13 March 1996.
  Lviv's Old Town is the historic centre of the western Ukrainian city of Lviv recognized as the State Historic-Architectural Sanctuary in 1975. On 5 December 1998, during the 22nd Session of the World Heritage Committee in Kyoto (Japan), Lviv was included to the UNESCO World Heritage List. One of the reasons was that ‘in its urban fabric and its architecture, Lviv is an outstanding example of the fusion of the architectural and artistic traditions of eastern Europe with those of Italy and Germany.

Great Britain
  Westminster Palace, rebuilt from the year 1840 on the site of important medieval remains, is a fine example of neo-Gothic architecture. The site – which also comprises the small medieval Church of Saint Margaret, built in Perpendicular Gothic style, and Westminster Abbey, where all the sovereigns since the 11th century have been crowned – is of great historic and symbolic significance.
  The massive White Tower is a typical example of Norman military architecture, whose influence was felt throughout the kingdom. It was built on the Thames by William the Conqueror to protect London and assert his power. The Tower of London – an imposing fortress with many layers of history, which has become one of the symbols of royalty – was built around the White Tower.

The USA
  The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City. The statue, designed by FrédéricAuguste Bartholdi, an Italian-French sculptor, and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.
  Olympic National Park is a United States national park located in the state of Washington, in the Olympic Peninsula. The park has four basic regions: the Pacific coastline, alpine areas, the west side temperate rainforest and the forests of the drier east side.

Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №36 "Объекты наследия в Украине, Британии и США"