Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 31. Scientific and technological advance
People in modern world can hardly imagine their lives without machines. Every day either a new gadget is invented or an old one is improved. And people treat new inventions differently. Some suppose that gadgets are really useful and necessary, while others find them absolutely awful as they influence people badly. As for me, I am pretty sure that gadgets make people`s lives easier.
Firstly, they do all kinds of dirty and hard work, such as cleaning. Secondly, devices can save a lot of time as well as storage space. For instance, a flash drive can contain the same amount of information as lots of thick books. So, machines help people in different spheres.
However, opponents of this point of view are definitely sure that gadgets affect people negatively. People are reluctant to work due to the influence of machines. People become lazy and disorganized. They just expect their latest gadgets to do everything instead of them. Moreover, more and more people are becoming addicted to their modern gadgets, for instance, computers, TVs or mobile phones. So, they neglect their home obligations, work or school and spend all their spare time in front of a laptop screen or a TV-set.
A striking example of the essential modern gadget is a computer. 50 years ago people didn't even hear of computers, and today we cannot imagine life without them. It should be mentioned that computer technology is the fastest-growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip of the size of a pin head. And the revolution is still going on. It seems to me very soon we'll have computers that we'll wear in our glasses and earrings.The next generation of computers may be able to talk and even think for themselves, they may help to diagnose illnesses, find minerals, identify criminals and control space travel.
Some people say that computers are dangerous, but I don't agree with them.They save a lot of time. They seldom make mistakes. It's much faster and easier to surf the Internet than to go to the library. On-line shopping makes it possible to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money. E-mail is a great invention, too. It's faster and cheaper than sending a letter.
In conclusion, I firmly believe that in spite of all drawbacks, gadgets have their benefits, as they save people`s time and let them enjoy life.They have changed our life for the better. So why shouldn't we make them work to our advantage?
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №31 "Научный и технический процесс"
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Конспект 30. Participle
Present |
Ving |
reading – читающий |
Past |
V3 |
read – прочитанный |
Perfect |
having V3 |
having read – прочитав |
Употребляется:
1. Для обозначения одновременности действия (Ving).
Reading the book she was talking.
Читая книгу, она болтала.
2. Если обозначает совершенность, предшествование действия (having V3).
Having read the book, she talked.
Прочитав книгу, она болтала.
3. Как определение с оттенком пассивности (V3).
We decided to sit on the fallen tree.
Мы решили посидеть на упавшем дереве.
НО:
to see |
Ving употребляется в значении having V3 |
to hear |
|
to arrive |
|
to come |
|
to enter |
Hearing music, I was glad. Услышав музыку, я обрадовался.
Coming to school, I was ready. Придя в школу, я был готов
Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 29. Infinitive vs. Gerund
Глаголы, после которых употребляются как герундий, так и инфинитив без изменений в значении:
to attempt – пытаться
to begin – начинать
to continue – продолжать
to hate – ненавидеть
to intend – намереваться
to like – нравиться
to love – любить
to need – нуждаться
to propose – предлагать
to refuse – отказываться
to require – требоваться
to start – начинать
Глаголы, после которых употребляются как герундий, так и инфинитив с различиями в значении:
Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 28. Gerund
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, обладающая как свойствами глагола, так и существительного. В русском языке нет соответствующей формы. Его функции в предложении во многом сходны с инфинитивом, однако он имеет больше свойств существительного.
Герундий образуется так: к инфинитиву без частицы to прибавляется окончание –ing. Отрицательная форма герундия образуется с помощью частицы not которая ставится перед герундием.
Только герундий употребляется после следующих глаголов:
to admit – допускать, признавать
to avoid – избегать
to delay – откладывать
to deny – отрицать, отвергать
to dislike – не нравиться
to enjoy – наслаждаться, нравиться
to excuse – извинять(ся)
to finish – закончить
to forgive – прощать, извинять
to imagine – воображать
to mention – упоминать
to mind – возражать (в вопросах и отрицаниях)
to miss – упустить
to postpone – откладывать
to stop – прекращать
to suggest – предлагать
to burst out – разразиться
to give up – прекращать
to go on – продолжать
to keep (on) –продолжать
to put off – отложить
can’t help – не могу не, нельзя не…
can’t stand – не могу терпеть…
Также герундий употребляется после глаголов с предлогами (часто of, for, in, at):
She insisted on going to the cinema instead of staying at home.
Она настояла на том, чтобы пойти в кино, а не сидеть дома.
Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 27. Infinitive
Инфинитив – это неличная глагольная форма, которая только называет действие и выполняет функции как глагола, так и существительного. Инфинитив отвечает на вопрос что делать?, что сделать? Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая стоит перед ним, хотя в некоторых случаях она опускается.
В отличие от русского языка, где инфинитив имеет только одну форму (неопределенная форма глагола), в английском языке их у инфинитива шесть: четыре в действительном залоге (Active) и две в страдательном (Passive). Заметим, что у глаголов, которые не употребляются во временах группы Continuous, количество форм инфинитива будет соответственно меньше.
Вид |
(Active) Действительный залог |
(Passive) Страдательны залог |
Indefinite |
to V1 |
to be V3 |
toask - спросить, спрашивать (вообще) |
to be asked - быть спрошенным, спрашиваемым (вообще) |
|
Continuous |
to beVing |
----- |
tobeasking – спрашивать (в тот момент или период) |
||
Perfect |
to have V3 |
to have beenV3 |
tohaveasked - спросить, спрашивать (уже, раньше, до чего-л.) |
tohavebeenasked - быть спрошенным (уже, раньше) |
|
Perfect Continuous |
to have beenVing |
----- |
tohavebeenasking - спрашивать (в течение отрезка времени) |
Примеры:
I am glad to hear it. – Я рад слышать это.
This work must be finished today. – Эта работа должна быть закончена сегодня.
It’s nice to be sitting here now with you. – Хорошо сидеть здесь сейчас с тобой.
He seems to have come at home. – Он, кажется, уже пришел домой.
She seems to have been asked about it before. – Кажется, ее уже спрашивали об этом.
For the last few days she seemed to have been talking to nobody. – Последние несколько дней она, казалось, ни с кем не разговаривала.
После данных глаголов употребляется инфинитив:
to agree – соглашаться
to ask – (по)просить
to decide – решать
to demand – требовать
to desire – желать
to expect – надеяться
to fail – не суметь
to hesitate – не решаться
to hope – надеяться
to intend – намереваться
to manage – удаваться
to promise – обещать
to seem – казаться
to want – хотеть
Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 26. Shopping
What is shopping? It is a rather tricky question, in my opinion, as for different people shopping means different things: it may be a household duty, a favourite leisure activity or something else. For most men it is an ordeal, they can hardly bear more than twenty minutes in any shop and prefer doing any kind of hard work to accompanying their wives or girlfriends in a boutique or a supermarket. For women shopping for clothes, toiletries or jewelries is a kind of entertainment, they can spend hours choosing a T-shirt or a pair of shoes, trying them on or even window-shopping. Although the word shopaholic was firstly used a few years ago, the phenomenon itself has existed for hundreds of years. Fortunately, I am not crazy about shopping, but I always shop around before making a purchase. However, I have to admit that modern department stores and malls have an irresistible fascination, especially at Christmas time when they are beautifully decorated.
Modern technology affects people`s lifestyles and daily routine. Now we can do our shopping not only in stores or markets but also through the Internet. No doubt shopping online is more convenient and less time consuming but on the other hand buying clothes without trying them on or perfume without smelling it may not seem like a good idea.
While Internet purchases seem to be themost advanced kind of shopping, flea markets attract more and more people. Lots of people go there in search of bargains. Period pieces in antique shops may cost a fortune while in a flea market one can buy a unique thing very cheap. Some flea markets like the one in Portobello Road in London or Jaffo in Israel have become tourist attractions so far. Popular in the USA back yard or garage sales are also a good way to buy a useful thing (household goods, toys, books, CDs) at a low price.
It should be mentioned that shopping can tell us a lot about any country and its culture. In the Near East, bargaining is a part of tradition and a kind of art. In Ukraine we more often pay in cash while in Western Europe cards are more common and shoppers even get a discount if they pay down.
Shopping for food is less exciting but may be more essential. One can choose between small groceries and big food shops, chain stores and supermarkets. In contrast to small shops they are more spacious and well laid out, with the goods arranged tidily and attractively on long lines of shelves and in refrigerator units. A bewildering multitude of signs, posters and advertising displays draw the attention of customers to this or that product or "special offer". Because of their big size big stores are able to offer a much wider selection of goods than their small competitors and at a lower price. So they are large, efficient, well organized and modern but at the same time somewhat soulless and impersonal. Nevertheless, very few people feel nostalgic about the time when there were no supermarkets at all.
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №26 "Шоппинг"
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Конспект 25. Clothes
One will hardly disagree that it is pleasant to look at a person who is neatly and beautifully dressed. A person usually chooses clothes according to their age, social class, financial position and occupation. People also choose clothes according to their preferences and character.
To my mind, if a person wants to produce a good impression and to be successful, he or she must look nice. When people speak to you, they always pay attention to your appearance and your clothes. If you look sloppy and untidy, they will try to avoid you. There is a saying that "good clothes open all doors" and I quite agree with it.Indeed, it is very important to know how to present oneself, what kind of clothes fits the event you visit, so you do not lose your face, and create the right impression of yourself, and then your mind and education should help you to complete your image.
Clothes are such an essential part of modern life that it’s simply hard to imagine how people can live without them. Certainly, it’s necessary to look attractive but it doesn’t mean that you should becrazy about fashion. It may turn into a waste of money. If a person doesn’t have good taste he is not able to put things together. But some people place too much importance on their appearance. They want to stand out in a crowd and sometimes they look ridiculous trying to be fashionable, trendy and stylish.
There are various styles of clothes nowadays, so people can choose what to wear on different occasions.First of all, think of clothes that suit you. If you have good taste, you can combine different pieces of clothes and always look fashionable. But your looks should always suit the occasion, and put you in the right mood for the day. Actually, I guess you should choose things according to your personality and character, and you’ll look well-dressed even if you wear something casual.
As for me, I have a good collection of clothes in my wardrobe. There are a couple of school suits which are of classic style. Then I have some jeans and T-shirts for casual days. And at last, I have a couple of bright dresses for parties or special occasions. Most of all I like wearing ordinary jeans with matching shirts. I think it’s not only convenient but also stylish. As for shoes, I prefer wearing sports shoes or sneakers but I need to wear some classic black shoes to school. I don’t like high heels because they are uncomfortable. I always try to keep my clothes and shoes neat. I think that clothes tell a lot about people and can make a strong impression. So if they are tidy and nice the impression will be positive. The choice of clothes also depends on seasons and weather conditions. In winter, for example, it’s important to have a warm coat and a pair of boots. A jacket and rubber boots would be nice for spring and autumn. However, my favourite time is summer, when everyone can wear T-shirts and shorts, or light dresses and sandals.
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №25 "Одежда"
Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 24. People and nature
About two hundred years ago people lived in greater harmony with the environment because industry was not much developed. Today the situation is quite different, the contradictions between men and nature are dramatic. People all over the world are worried about what is happening to the environment. Newspapers and magazines write about water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. Now many parts of the world are crowded, people live in megalopolises. Where many people live together, litter is a great problem. It can cause health problems and makes cities look dirty.
Much of the waste from factories, chemical industry and heavy industry is very dangerous. Fish dies in the lakes, rivers and seas, trees die too. Much of thiswaste goes into the air and is carried by winds for great distances.
Another considerable problem is that people don't get enough oxygen in big cities. They suffer from smog. Moreover, megalopolises produce a lot of noise.
The Earth is our home. We must take care of it for ourselves and for the next generations. And, above all, this means keeping our environment clean. The importance of this task is pointed out by ecologists and scientists who want to control and solve this problem. Each of us must do as much as possible to keep the land, air and water clean. The striking example of what can happen with all the nature if we don’t try to save it is as follows. More than 30 years ago the Aral was a bright sea with a lot of fish. Two rivers supplied it with water. But then the water of the rivers was diverted to cotton plantations. As a result, the Aral now is on the border of ecological disaster.If no immediate measures are taken, the Aral Sea will soon disappear.
Except the Aral, there are many other places throughout our planet that need urgent help. And, to my mind, we are obliged to remove factories and plants from cities, use modern technologies, redesign and modify purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances, protect and increase the greenery and broaden ecological education. These are the main practical measures, which must be taken in order to improve the ecological situation.
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №24 "Люди и природа"
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Конспект 23. Youth and modern world
Youth is a period of life which is of utmost importance in people’s life. Firstly, the morals and beliefs, range of interests, education, health and habits are all laid in childhood and youth, andso the personality is shaped. Secondly, youth is a time when a person is trying to find his place in the world. This period is usually associated with problems: young people 'struggle' to fit themselves into society. Among them are eternal problems of choosing a career and getting education, a problem of independence and money, a problem of unemployment of young people and the generation gap. Young people have many problems of emotional and personal character which may look silly and unimportant in the eyes of grown-ups but appear to be extremely important to the young. They are the problems of friendship and loneliness, as well as the problem of the first love.
Probably the most vital problem is choosing a career, which is really difficult. One thing that makes it so difficult is the responsibility you have to take on — it is widely known that your future life depends on the choice made early in life when your personal experience is not so great. Sometimes you may even be not quite certain about the field of knowledge you are interested in. Another thingis that there are parents who usually have their own idea of your future career and, in many cases, try to make their child choose the career path they prefer.
Perhaps one of the most fundamental problems faced by young people today is unemployment which means financial worries, frustration and discouragement. To solve the problem of unemployment, young people should strive for higher education. Then they will be qualified for skilled labour required by industrialized society.
Another inevitable problem facing young people today is the tension which exists between parents and children, or the 'generation gap'. Firstly, young people always reject or at least question the values of their parents because they want to learn from their own experience, not from their parents' standards. Secondly, every younger generation tends to be more educated and better-informed than the previous one. Thirdly, parents tend to aggravate the situation: they try to impose their ideas upon their children. It results in young people's revolt against adult authority.
An area which causes a problem for young people and their parents is friendship. Youth is the time when a person is vulnerable to opinions of different people, especially to the opinions of their peer group. As far as a problem of love and dating is concerned, some parents appeardemocratic and allow their children considerable freedom in their relations with the opposite sex. Others are overprotective and forbid their teenage children to go out with people they like, which, in my opinion, can result in many psychological problems as they prevent their children from getting an experience of communicating with representatives of the opposite sex, and this can lead to serious family problems later.
To conclude, it can be mentioned that grown-ups should work together with young people to help them solve these problems. We must remember that the young people are the leaders of our society and our tomorrow.
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №23 "Молодежь и современный мир"
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Конспект 22. Mass communication media
Everywhere, every day, exciting things are happening. Each day is filled with news. People learn news while reading newspapers and magazines, talking over the phone or they are kept informed by watching TV or listening to the radio. The press, the radio and television play a big role in the life of the society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the world and make them change their views.
Mass media play a very important role in organizing public opinion. Millions of people watch TV and read newspapers in their free time. Most of people can’t do without a newspaper in the underground or during the lunch break. TV also dominates the life of the family most of the time. The radio is usually turned on, creating a permanent background noise. So mass media have become a very important part of our life.
Mass media can be used for various purposes, for instant, advocacy (both for business and social concerns) and entertainment (through music, sports, video, and computer games).
One of the most popular ways of spreading information is mobile phoneswhich can be used for following breaking news, watching short clips of entertainment, reading horoscopes, playing games, listening to music, and advertising.
Millions of copies of newspapers appear every day. Many people subscribe to two or more newspapers; others buy newspapers at the newsstands. Most newspapers contain news, detailed articles on home and international affairs, reviews of books, art and TV shows. Many of them also cover sports events. Journalism includes collecting, analyzing, verifying and presenting information about current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practise journalism are known as journalists.
The Internet has recently become another important source of information. Its main advantage is that news appears on the screen as soon as things happen in real life and you don't have to wait for news time on TV.
Everybody knows about the importance of TV in the world today. We become better informed by watching documentaries, science programs, discussions and political issues of the day. TV gives us opportunities to see the best actors, sport matches, to meet famous people. TV brings the world to our room.
To my mind we can’t imagine our lives without mass media. It is silly to avoid them as we can use their advantages.Though we should be careful and filter all information we get.
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №22 "Средства массовой информации"
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Конспект 21. Literature
People need art and that is evident. It makes us wiser, it touches our feelings. However, as far as I’m concerned, it is literature that has a special place in our life and in the history of humanity. Words, texts, speech are natural for us like, for example, breathing or walking. A man is notable because of our ability to speak, so a text is closer to us, easier for perception (but not for understanding) than music or, for instance, sculpture. Other fields of art are too changeable and subjective; sometimes we need to peer at every dab on a canvas to interpret a painting wholly. We can say the same about music; may anybody know for sure what thoughts and feelings a composer wanted to bring to us? Definitely not.
There are words, sentences and a writer’s text in literature. You can just read it, and then think about its idea and sense. But, actually, it is not as easy as it may seem. Not everyone can understand what they are reading. People often read books only because of exposure to stereotypes (“if everybody has read it, I should read it, too”) or because of someone’s request (“to read it is my home task at school/college/university”).
A writer takes a pen or sits down at a keyboard for different reasons. It may be a spiritual crisis or, on the contrary, enthusiasm, or social problems that can’t be hushed up, or just sudden inspiration… Thereby, it is clear why people write. But why do we, readers, need literature?
Firstly, literature enriches our souls – this is irrefutable. Mostly it happens when a writer begins some kind of a dialogue with a reader, when a reader responds to a text. We like some literary works, some of them – not very much, others easily annoy us or make us bored. Authors are different people with different fates and characters, so their ideas, styles are unacceptable for us sometimes. However, classic literature includes books that stand the test of time and many generations, becausesometimes people need some kind of a reminder about easy truths.
Secondly, literature trains our mind and intellect, although it sounds a little strange. There are two sides of this advantage. Of course, literature broadens our outlook, gives us factual knowledge – the knowledge about the world (let us consider Alexandre Dumas with his perfect knowledge of French history or Jules Verne and his scientific hypotheses that passed ahead of progress). In addition, literature develops exact mind skills: abilities to reason, to conceive abstract things, to compare and to draw the conclusions. I think a lot of people after reading of a good book have a feeling of a lucid interval, an intellectual discovery.
Thirdly, literature certainly teaches us to examine life, its profoundness and universality, laws and regularities. In the first place, it is about people, because all literature is created by human, about human and for human. Writer’s heart may ache for personality, soul or a whole generation, but, somehow, for humanity and human, for his place in this world. Thanks to literature, a lot of people become kinder and wiser. So, would the world be fairer and more joyous if people read more good books?
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №21 "Литература в Украине, Британии и США"
Подготовка к ЗНО. Английский язык.
Конспект 19. Art and culture
Art is the creation or expression of what is beautiful, especially in visual form. Drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music, ballet belong to art. Really when something is extremely beautiful or has great cultural value, we say: "It's art". Art has always been occupation for the few, but has been admired by many. I really enjoy everything that is beautiful. I like painting, sculpture. I am fond of music and theatre.
The twentieth century has given the world cinema. For a long time there have been disputes whether the cinema is an art or just an entertainment. Nowadays the cinema is considered one of the main contemporary arts. Not so long ago people went to cinemas frequently, but now we prefer to stay at home and watch video films and TV. Maybe cinemas are no longer as popular as they used to be but films will always be one of the best entertainments for people all over the world.
Art is an expression of a particular person, or group of people. Art can have a large effect on culture. An artist is defined as a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination. That sensitivity and imagination is what can make a culture. Artists have the ability to manipulate the form of their art therefore manipulating the experience of that art. Art is everywhere. Art is something that influences many parts of our lives.
Art is what drives us to be creative. To make a car better, we need to have an impeccable design. To build a better house, we have to have an imagination to construct. Art is in everything around us whether it is the car we drive or the house we go home to, it is someone’s artwork. It took someone’s creativity and thought to fabricate the masterpiece. The arts provide a way for people to explore new possibilities “to notice the world.”
Art defines a culture because culture is a pattern of behaviors, ideas, and values shared by a group. Without art, what is a culture? A way of life? Culture is sometimes defined as the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group. Art offers a type of release, whether through song, paint, clay, or simply writing in a diary. Everyone has a passion for a type of work, whether it is crunching numbers on a calculator or spraying paint all over a canvas. Everyone likes to think that their work shows sensitivity and imagination. People like to strive to do better in whatever they are doing.
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №19 "Искусство в Украине, Британии и США"
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Конспект 20. Sports activities
Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself. It has been developing with the developing and growing of the mankind. All over the world people of different ages are very fond of sports and games. Sport not only helps people to become strong and develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities. Sport helps people keep in good health.
Sport is very important in our life. It’s popular among young and old people. Many people do morning exercises, jog in the morning, train in fitness clubs and gyms, and take part in sport competitions.
Other people like sports too, but they only watch sport competitions, listen to sports news. They prefer reading interesting articles about sportsmen and sport events, but they don’t go in for sports.
Physical training is an important subject at school. Pupils usually have got physical training lessons twice a week. There are sports grounds and stadiums near many schools and school-children go in for sports outdoors. A lot of different competitions are held at schools, a great number of pupils take part in them. All participants try to get good results and become winners.
There are summer and winter kinds of sports. The summer kinds of sports are, for example, swimming, athletics, football, volleyball, basketball and others. The winter kinds of sports are, for example, figure skating, skiing, ice hockey, etc.
We all need to do exercises. Regular exercises give you more energy and make you feel and look better.
Among popular sports in our country are football, basketball, swimming, volleyball, tennis, gymnastics, figure skating and others. You can choose a sport for any season and for any taste.
Online-тест подготовки к ЗНО по английскому языку №20 "Спорт в Украине, Британии и США"
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Конспект 18. Conditional sentences
Выделяют три основных типа условных предложений.
Первый тип обозначает реальные, осуществимые условия, которые могут относиться к настоящему или будущему. В таком случае в главном предложении (следствия) глагол используется в будущем времени, а в придаточном (условия) – в настоящем:
If you are late again, I will have to fire you.
Если ты опоздаешь еще раз, мне придется тебя уволить.
We will have a hike if the weather is fine.
Если погода будет хорошей, мы сходим в поход.
Второй тип охватывает малореальные, неосуществимые условия, относящиеся к настоящему или будущему. В главном предложении (следствия) тогда используется вспомогательный глагол would / could и инфинитив глагола без частицы to, а в придаточном (условия) – прошедшая форма глагола to be (were во всех лицах) или форма Past Simple всех других глаголов:
If I were you I wouldn’t poke my nose everywhere.
Я бы на Вашем месте не совал всюду нос.
If Australia did not happen to be isolated from the rest of the world, it wouldn’t possess such a unique fauna.
Если бы Австралия не оказалась изолирована от остального мира, на ней не было бы такой уникальной фауны.
Третий тип описывает невыполненные условия в прошлом. В главном предложении (следствия) используется вспомогательный глагол would / could и глагол во времени Present Perfect, а в придаточном (условия) – глагол в форме Past Perfect:
If you had gone to bed in time you wouldn’t have missed your interview.
Если бы ты вовремя пошла спать, то не проспала бы собеседование.